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Table of contents
American Bison - Bison bison
European Bison - Bison bonasus
Auroch - Bos primigenus
Wild Yak - Bos mutus
Banteng - Bos javanicus
Gaur - Bos gaurus
Kouprey - Bos sauveli
African Buffalo - Syncerus caffer
Wild Water Buffalo - Bubalus arnee
Lowland Anoa - Bubalus depressicornis
Mountain Anoa - Bubalus quarlesi
Tamaraw - Bubalus mindorensis
Saola - Pseudoryx nghetinhensis
General - other

Larter N. C., Sinclair A. R. E., Ellsworth T., Nishi J., Gates C. 2000
Dynamics of reintroduction in an indigenous large ungulate: the wood bison of northern Canada
Animal Conservation 4: 299-309. 
Shull A. M., Tipton A. R. 1987
Effective population size of Bison on the Wichita Mountains Wildlife Refuge
Conservation Biology 1: 35-4. 

Hartl G. 1994
Genetic Depletion in the European Bison (Bison bonasus) and the Significance of Electrophoretic Heterozygosity for Conservation
Conservation Biology 8: 167-174. 
Olech W., Perzanowski K. 2002
A genetic background for reintroduction programs of the European bison (Bison bonasus) in the Carpathians
Biological Conservation 108: 221-228. 
Perzanowski K., Olech W., Kozak I. 2004
Constraints for re-establishing a meta-population of the European bison in Ukraine
Biological Conservation
120: 345-353. 


Schaller G. B. 1996
Distribution, Status, and Conservation of wild Yak Bos grunniens
Biolgical Conservation 76: 1-8. 

Ashby, K.R., Santiapillai, C. 1986
An assessment of the status of the banteng (Bos javanicus) with particular reference to its interaction with the water buffalo (Bubalus bubalis)
Tigerpaper 13: 10-20.
Ashby K.R., Santiapillai, C. 1988
The status of the banteng (Bos javanicus) in Java and Bali
Tigerpaper 15: 16-25.
Bradshaw C.J.A., Traill L.W., Wertz K.L., White W.H. 2005
Chemical immobilization of wild banteng (Bos javanicus) in northern Australia using detomidine, tiletamine and zolazepam
Australian Veterinary Journal 83: 15-16.
Bradshaw C.J.A., Isagi Y., Kaneko S., Bowman D.M.J.S., Brook B.W. 2006
Conservation value of non-native banteng in Northern Australia
Conservation Biology 20: 1306-1311. 
Choquenot D. 1993
Growth, body condition and demography of wild banteng (Bos javanicus) on Cobourg Peninsula, northern Australia
Journal of Zoology, London 231: 533-542. 
Davis S., Read B. 1985
The status of North American captive herds of the banteng, Bos javanicus d’Alton
Zoo Biology 4: 269-279. 
De Koninck V. 2005
Joint management of banteng (Bos javanicus) in a contested cultural landscape: observations and implications
Human Dimensions of Wildlife 10: 123-135. 
Johnston S.D., McGowan M.R., Blyde D. 2002.
Birth of a banteng (Bos javanicus) calf at Western Plains Zoo after fixed time artificial insemination
Australian Veterinary Journal 80: 94-95.
Pudyatmoko S. 2004
Does the banteng (Bos javanicus) have a future in Java? Challenges of the conservation of a large herbivore in a densely populated island
Abstract presentation to the 3rd IUCN Wold Conservation Congress, Bangkok, Thailand.
Srikosamatara S., Suteethorn V. 1995
Populations of gaur and banteng and their management in Thailand
Nat. Hist. Bull. Siam Soc. 43: 55-83. 

Choudhury A. 2000
The status of gaur (Bos gaurus) in Mizoram, India
Tigerpaper 27: 30-31.
Choudhury A. 2002
Distribution and conservation of the Gaur Bos gaurus in the Indian Subcontinent
Mammal Review 32: 199-226. 
Conry P.J. 1989
Gaur Bos gaurus and development in Malaysia
Biological Conservation 49: 47-65. 
Khan M. 1973
Studies of the seladang (Bos gaurus) in the state of Perak
Malay. Nat. J. 26: 163-169.
Lanza R. P., Cibelli J. B., Diaz F., Moraes C. T., Farin P. W., Farin C. E., Hammer C. J., West M. D., Damiani P. 2000
Cloning of an endangered species (Bos gaurus) using interspecies nuclear transfer
Cloning 2: 79-90. 
Srikosamatara S., Suteethorn V. 1995
Populations of gaur and banteng and their management in Thailand
Nat. Hist. Bull. Siam Soc. 43: 55-83. 
Steinmetz R. 2004
Gaur (Bos gaurus) and banteng (B. javanicus) in the lowland forest mosaic of Xe Pian Protected Area, Lao PDR: abundance, habitat use, and conservation
Mammalia 68: 141-157.  
Galbreath G.J., Mordacq J.C., Weiler F.H. 2006
Genetically solving a zoological mystery: was the kouprey (Bos sauveli) a feral hybrid?
Journal of Zoology 270: 561-564. 
Hassanin A., Ropiquet A., Cornette R., Tranier M., Pfeffer P., Candegabe P., Lemaire M. 2006
Has the kouprey (Bos sauveli Urbain, 1937) been domesticated in Cambodia?
C. R. Biologies 329: 124-135.  Hoffmann R.S. 1986
A new locality record for the kouprey from Viet Nam, and an archaeological record from China
Mammalia 50: 391-395. MacKinnon J.R., Stuart S.N. (Eds) 1989
The Kouprey, An Action Plan for its Conservation
IUCN/SSC, Gland, Switzerland.
Pfeffer P., Kim-San O. 1967
Le kouprey, Bos (Bibos) sauveli Urbain, 1937; discussion systematique et statut actuel. Hypothèse sur l’origine du zébu (Bos indicus)
Mammalia 31: 521-536.  Wharton, C.H. 1957.
An Ecological Study of the Kouprey (Novibos sauveli Urbain)
Monographs of the Institute of Science and Technology, Monograph 5, Manila, Philippines

Beekman J.H., Prins H.H.T. 1989
Feeding strategies of sedentary large herbivores in East Africa, with emphasis on the African buffalo, Syncerus caffer.
Afr. J. Ecol. 27: 129-147. 
Boy A. 1958
Les buffles du pays Gourma
Bois et Forêts des Tropiques 58: 3-15. 
Cross P.C., Lloyd-Smith J.O., Getz W.M. 2005
Disentangling association patterns in fission-fusion societies using African buffalo as an example
Animal Behaviour 69: 499-506. 
Funston P.J., Skinner J.D., Dott H.M. 1994
Seasonal variation in movement patterns, home range and habitat selection of buffaloes in a semi-arid habitat
Afr. J. Ecol. 32: 100-114. 
Halley D. J., Vandewalle M. E. J., Mari M., Taolo C. 2002
Herd-switching and long-distance dispersal in female African buffalo Syncerus caffer
Afr. J. Ecol. 40: 97-99. 
Macandza V.A., Owen-Smith N., Cross P.C. 2004
Forage selection by African buffalo in the late dry season in two landscapes
South African Journal of Wildlife Research 34: 113-121. 
O’Ryan C., Harley E. H., Bruford M. W., Beaumont M., Wayne R. K., Cherry M. I. 1998
Microsatellite analysis of genetic diversity in fragmented South African buffalo populations
Animal Conservation 1: 85-94. 
Simonsen Bo T., Siegismund H. R., Arctander P. 1998
Population structure of African buffalo inferred from mtDNA sequences and microsatellite loci: high variation but low differentiation
Molecular Ecology 7: 225-237. 
Van Hooft W. F., Hanotte O., Wenink P. W., Groen A. F., Sugimoto Y., Prins H. H. T., Teale A. 1999
Applicability of bovine microsatellite markers for population genetic studies on African buffalo (Syncerus caffer)
Animal Genetics 30: 214-220. 
Van Hooft W. F., Groen A. F., Prins H. H. T. 2000
Microsatellite analysis of genetic diversity in African buffalo (Syncerus caffer) populations throughout Africa
Molecular Ecology 9: 2017-2025. 

Barker J.S.F., Moore S.S., Hetzel D.J.S., Evans D., Tan S.G., Byrne K. 1997
Genetic diversity of Asian water buffalo (Bubalus bubalis): microsatellite variation and a comparison with protein-coding loci
Animal Genetics 28: 103-115. 
Choudhury A. 1994
The decline of the wild water buffalo in north-east India
Oryx 28: 70-73.  De Silva M., Dissanayake S., Santiapillai C. 1994
Aspects of the population dynamics of the wild Asiatic water buffalo (Bubalus bubalis) in Rahuna National Park, Sri Lanka
J. South Asian nat. Hist. 1: 65-76. 
Flamand J. R. B. , Vankan D., Gairhe K.P., Duong H., Barker J.S.F. 2003
Genetic identification of wild Asian water buffalo in Nepal
Animal Conservation 6: 265-270.  Heinen J.T. 1993
Population viability and management recommendations for wild water buffalo Bubalus bubalis in Kosi Tappu Wildlife Reserve, Nepal
Biological Conservation 65: 29-34. 
Heinen J.T. 2001
A translocation proposal for wild buffalo (Bubalus bubalis) in Nepal: recommended management action in the face of uncertainty for a critically endangered species
Tigerpaper 28: 1-8.
Heinen J.T., Singh G.R. 2001
A census and some management implications for wild buffalo (Bubalus bubalis) in Nepal
Biological Conservation 101: 391-394. 
Heinen, J.T. 2002
Phenotypic and behavioural characteristics used to identify wild buffalo Bubalus bubalis from feral backcrosses in Nepal
Journal of Bombay Natural History Society 99:173-183. 
Heinen J.T., Kandel R. 2006
Threats to a small population: a census and conservation recommendations for wild buffalo Bubalus arnee in Nepal
Oryx 40: 324-330. 
Kikkawa Y., Yonekawa H., Suzuki H., Amano T. 1997
Analysis of genetic diversity of domestic water buffaloes and anoas based on variations in the mitochrondrial gene for cytochrome b
Animal Genetics 28: 195-201. 
Sena L., Schneider M. P. C., Brenig B., Honeycutt R. L., Womack J. E., Skow L. C. 2003
Polymorphisms in MHC-DRA and -DRB alleles of water buffalo (Bubalus bubalis) reveal different features from cattle DR alleles
Animal Genetics 34: 1-10. 
Tulloch D.G. 1969
Home range in feral water buffalo, Bubalus bubalis Lydekker
Aust. J. Zool. 17: 143-152. 
Tulloch D.G. 1970
Seasonal movements and distribution of the sexes in the water buffalo, Bubalus babalis, in the northern territory
Aust. J. Zool. 18: 399-414. 
Tulloch D.G. 1979
The water buffalo, Bubalus bubalis, in Australia: reproductive and parent-offspring behaviour
Aust. Wild. Res. 6: 265-287. 

Burton J. A., Hedges S., Mustari A. H. 2005
The taxonomic status, distribution and conservation of the lowland anoa Bubalus depressicornis and mountain anoa Bubalus quarlesi
Mammal Review 35: 25-50. 
Kikkawa Y., Yonekawa H., Suzuki H., Amano T. 1997
Analysis of genetic diversity of domestic water buffaloes and anoas based on variations in the mitochrondrial gene for cytochrome b
Animal Genetics 28: 195-201. 

Burton J. A., Hedges S., Mustari A. H. 2005
The taxonomic status, distribution and conservation of the lowland anoa Bubalus depressicornis and mountain anoa Bubalus quarlesi
Mammal Review 35: 25-50. 
Kikkawa Y., Yonekawa H., Suzuki H., Amano T. 1997
Analysis of genetic diversity of domestic water buffaloes and anoas based on variations in the mitochrondrial gene for cytochrome b
Animal Genetics 28: 195-201. 

Kuehn D.W. 1986
Population and social characteristics of the tamarao (Bubalus mindorensis)
Biotropica 18: 263-266. 
Maala C.P. 2001
Endangered Philippine wildlife species with special reference to the Philippine eagle (Pithecophaga jefferyi) and tamaraw (Bubalus mindorensis)
Journal of International Development and Cooperation 8: 1-17. 

1997
Status of the saola Pseudoryx nghetinhensis
Oryx 31: 89-90.
Ahrens E., Graphodatskaya D., Nguyen B.X., Stranzinger G. 2005
Cytogenetic comparison of Saola (Pseudoryx nghetinhensis) and cattle (Bos taurus) using G-and Q-banding and FISH
Cytogenetic and Genome Research 111: 147-151. 
Dawson S. 1995
Saola (Pseudoryx nghetinhensis) Studies in Nghe An and Ha Tinh Provinces, Vietnam
Unpublished Report to WWF-Indochina Programme, National Wildlife Federation, World Conservation Union
Johnsingh A. J. T. 1995
Vietnam venture: The primordial world of Sao La and Mang
Frontline, April 1995: 94-95. Kemp N., Dilger M., Burgess N., Chu Van Dung 1997
The saola Pseudoryx nghetinhensis in Vietnam – new information on distribution and habitat preferences, and conservation needs.
Oryx 31: 37-44. 
Provincial Forest Protection Department of Quang Nam – Da Nang 1996
Results of Preliminary survey on the Saola, Pseudoryx nghetinhensis in Quang Nam – Da Nang province
Unpublished Report to Provincial FPD of Quang Nam – Da Nang.
Robichaud W. G. 1998
Physical and behavioral description of a captive saola, Pseudoryx nghetinhensis
Journal of Mammalogy 79: 394-405. 
Schaller G. B., Rabinowitz A. 1995
The saola or spindlehorn bovid Pseudoryx nghetinhensis in Laos
Oryx 29: 107-114. 
Hassanin A., Douzery J. P. E. 1999
Evolutionary affinities of the enigmatic saola (Pseudoryx nghetinhensis) in the context of the molecular phylogeny of Bovidae
Proc. R. Soc. Lond . 266: 893-900. 
Vu Van Dung, Pham Mong Giao, Nguyen Ngoc Chinh, Do Tuoc, Arctander P., MacKinnon J. 1993
A new species of living bovid from Vietnam
Nature 363: 443-445. 
Vu Van Dung, Pham Mong Giao, Nguyen Ngoc Chinh, Do Tuoc, MacKinnon J. 1994
Discovery and conservation of the Vu Quang ox in Vietnam
Oryx 28: 16-2. 

Blake S. 2002
Forest buffalo prefer clearings to closed-canopy forest in the primary forest of northern Congo
Oryx 36: 81-86. 
Brandt J.H., Diolo M., Hassanin A., Melville R.A., Olson L.E., Seveau A., Timm R.M. 2001
Debate on the authenticity of Pseudonovibos spiralis as a new species of wild bovid from Vietnam and Cambodia
Journal of Zoology 255: 437-444. 
Dioli M. 1997
Notes on the morphology of the horns of a new artiodactyl mammal from Cambodia: Pseudonovibos spiralis
Journal of Zoology 241: 527-531. 
Galbreath G.J., Melville R.A. 2003
Pseudonovibos spiralis: epitaph
Journal of Zoology 259: 169-170. 
Gilbert M., Mitchell A., Bourn D., Mawdsley J., Clifton-Hadley R., Wint W. 2005
Cattle movements and bovine tuberculosis in Great Britain
Nature 435: 491-496.
Gilmour D.A., Nguyen V.S., Tsechelicha X. 2000
Rehabilitation of degraded forest ecosystems in Cambodia, Lao PDR, Thailand and Vietnam, An overview
Conservation Issues in Asia: April 2000. 
Grosse W. M., Kappes S. M., McGraw R. A. 2000
Linkage mapping and comparative analysis of bovine expressed sequence tags (ESTs)
Animal Genetics 31: 171-177. 
Hammer S.E., Suchentrunk F. 1999
Mitochondrial DNA sequence relationships of the newly described enigmatic Vietnamese bovid, Pseudonovibos spiralis
Naturwissenschaften 86: 279-280.
Hassanin A. 2002
Ancient specimens and DNA contamination: a case study from the 12S rRNA gene sequence of the “Linh Duong” bovid (Pseudonovibos spiralis)
Naturwissenschaften 89: 107-110. 
Hassanin A., Douzery E.J.P. 1999
The tribal radiation of the family Bovidae (Artiodactyla) and the evolution of the mitochondrial cytochrome b gene.
Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 13: 227-243. 
Hassanin A., Douzery E.J.P. 2000
Is the newly described Vietnamese bovid Pseudonovibos spiralis a chamois (Genus Rupicapra)?
Naturwissenschaften 87: 122-124. 
International Conservation News 1996
Status and Protection of Asian Wild Cattle and Buffalo
Conservation Biology 10: 931-935.
Kikkawa Y., Takada T., Sutopo, Nomura K., Namikawa T., Yonekawa H., Amano T. 2003
Phylogenies using mtDNA and SRY provide evidence for male-mediated introgression in Asian domestic cattle
Animal Genetics 34: 96-101.  Madhusudan M.D. 2004
Recovery of wild large herbivores following livestock decline in a tropical Indian wildlife reserve
Journal of Applied Ecology 41: 858-869. 
Pfeffer P., Seveau A. 2001
Les bovinés rares et menacés du Cambodge
Le Courrier de la Nature 1995: 18-24. 
Ritz L. R., Glowaotzki-Mullis M-L., MacHugh D. E., Gaillard C. 2000
Phylogenetic analysis of the tribe Bovini using microsatellites
Animal Genetics 31: 178-185. 
Ropiquet A., Hassanin A. 2005
Molecular phylogeny of caprines (Bovidae, Antilopinae): the question of their origin and diversification during the Miocene
Journal of Zoological Systematics and Evolutionary Research 43: 49-60.  Soriyun M. 2001
Status and Distribution of wild cattle in Cambodia
Tigerpaper 28: 9-14. 
Srikosamatara S. 1993
Density and biomass of large herbivores and other mammals in a dry tropical forest, western Thailand
Journal of Tropical Ecology 9: 33-43. 
Timm R.M., Brandt J.H. 2001
Pseudonovibos spiralis (Artiodactyla: Bovidae): new information on this enigmatic South-east Asian ox
Journal of Zoology, London 253: 157-166. 
Vu Van Dung, Nguyen Ngoc Chinh, Ebregt A., Santiapillai C. 1995
The status of the newly discovered large mammal, the long-horned bovid, in Vietnam
TigerPaper 22: 13-19. 
Whitfield J. 2002
Looking horns
Nature 415: 956. Wiles G. J. 1980
Faeces Deterioration rates of four wild ungulates in Thailand
Nat. Hist. Bull. Siam soc 28: 121-134. 
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